bahra
4
egids
Ternate Chavacano – more correctly known as Bahra, named after the river Bahra de Maragondon – originated on Ternate Island, a part of the Moluccas Islands. When the Spanish garrison displaced the Ternate community and transplanted them in Manila, their language took significant changes, and was heavily influenced by Portuguese, which was the dominant language at the time. This creole is said to be the oldest one of the three Spanish creoles in the Philippines, and was not part of the creation of the Early Chavacano de Zamboanga. The Jesuits had a significant role to play in establishing this creole, as they were the ones in charge of the education of the natives at the time.
SOUNDS OF BAHRA
SOME BAHRA WORDS
A BAHRA STORY
QUEL TIBORONG
Ung dia Sabado, ya anda mi padre na lamar cerca na frayle para pisca. Mi hermano mayor a junto cung eli. Ta embraca lotro na soya. Calma quel mariz por es no quarda que di tiene aberinto. Cuando lojotro cerca na quel lugar di inda, beng mucho pecao abuya. A se larga mi padre quel redi. A pasa minutos ase subi eli esti redi na soya para mira si tiene a cohe. Beng alegre lotro porque quel manga coheda mucho grande y de clase. Comu-comu ensegunda a queda quel maris grande a pasa donde esta lojotro. A queda bang cayao quel dos tareza qui sali ya quel tiborong. Beng mirao lotro qui quel todo pescao a come quel tiborong. Bueno tamieng quel a engcarice cung quel manga pescao ya come quel tiborong no cung lotro.
THE
SHARK
There were a father and son who went to the sea aboard a boat near the friars. The sea was quiet. It was quiet and there were no strong waves in sight. They cast the net and later retrieved it with a lot of fish of great size and different kinds. Then the waves grew bigger and a huge shark swam by. Suddenly the father and son were quiet as they prayed not to be eaten by the shark. Fortunately, the shark feasted not on them but on the many fish that they caught. And the father and son were able to get home safely.
Bersabe, Norma C. n.d. El primer Libro del Chavacano. Cavite City: Not published.
(Non-formal Education material. Paaralang Elementarya ng Manuel S. Rojas. Cavite.)
​
Escalante, Enrique. 2005. Chabacano... for everyone. A guide to the Chabacano
Language. Manila: Baby Dragon Printing Press.
​
Lipski, John, Mühlhäusler, Peter & Duthin, F. 1996. Spanish in the Pacific. In
Wurm, Stephen, Mühlhäusler, Peter & Tryon, Darrell (eds.), Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, 271-298. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
​
Llamado, Librada C. 1972. The phrase-structure rules of Cavite Chavacano.
Philippine Journal of Linguistics 3. 67-96.
​
Nigoza, E. (2016). Bahra II: Lenguaje arte y
literatura. Ternate, Cavite: Cavite Historical Society.
Nigoza, E. (2007). Bahra: The history,
legends,customs and traditions of Ternate, Cavite. Ternate, Cavite: Cavite Historical Society.
​
Nolasco, Ricardo. 2005. The Chabacano challenge to Philippine ergativity. In
Dayag, Danilo & Quakenbush, Stephen (eds.), Linguistics and language education in the Philippines and beyond: A festschrift in honor of Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista, 401-433. Manila: De La Salle University Press
Ogiwara, Yutaka. 2002. Aparición del sustrato en el predicado del caviteño.
PAPIA. Revista de crioulos de base ibérica. 12. 67-83.
​
Riego de Dios, Maria Isabelita. 1989. A composite dictionary of Philippine Creole
Spanish (PCS). In Otanes, Fe (ed.) 7. (Original dissertation from 1976, Ateneo de Manila University.)
​
Romanillos, Emmanuel Luis. 2006. Chabacano studies. Essays on Cavite's
Chabacano language and literature. Cavite: Cavite Historical Society.
Simons, Gary F. and Charles D. Fennig (2017).
Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International
​
Sippola, Eeva. 2010. Chabacano for everyone? Chabacano language projects in
Cavite City in comparison with other Chabacano communities. In Migge, Bettina, Isabelle Léglise and Angela Bartens (eds.), Creoles in Education: An appraisal of current programs and projects, 55-80. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
WORKS ON BAHRA
